紅血球含有血紅蛋白，這是一種結合並將氧氣從肺部輸送到身體其他部位的蛋白質。血漿是血液的液體部分，白血球負責對抗感染，而血小板則有助於凝血。白血球（leukocytes）是免疫系統的主要防禦者。它們負責識別並攻擊細菌、病毒和其他入侵者。其他選項則有不同的主要職責。血漿（大部分由水組成）約占血液體積的 55%。細胞成分（紅血球、白血球和血小板）共占剩餘的 45%。O 型陰性血液缺乏 A、B 和 Rh 抗原，因此在緊急情況下幾乎可以安全地輸給任何人。AB 型陽性則是全能受血者。血小板（thrombocytes）會在受傷部位聚集，並釋放啟動凝血反應的化學物質，幫助止血。貧血是指血液因紅血球太少或血紅蛋白不足而無法攜帶足夠氧氣的狀況。其他術語是指一般的細胞計數低、肌肉流失或骨密度流失。白血病是一種始於骨髓或其他造血組織的癌症，會導致異常白血球的過度產生。收縮壓是較高的數值，反映了心肌收縮並將血液泵出時的力量。舒張壓是心跳之間心臟放鬆時的壓力。根據一般臨床指南，140/90 mm Hg 或更高的讀數通常被視為高血壓。120/80 是正常值，其他數值則更高或非兩項指標均升高。大多數成年人的正常靜止心率在每分鐘 60 到 100 次之間。心臟位於胸部正中線偏左的位置，在兩肺之間，其尖端（心尖）指向左下方。肺靜脈是唯一攜帶富含氧氣血液的靜脈。它們將剛充氧的血液從肺部帶回心臟的左心房。微血管具有極薄的管壁，允許氧氣、營養物質和廢氣在血液與周圍組織之間通過。主動脈是離開左心室的主要動脈。它將含氧血輸送到身體其他部位，是增寬度最寬、長度最長的動脈。富含氧氣的血液經由肺靜脈從肺部返回，並在進入左心室之前先進入左心房。心臟有兩個心房（上腔室）和兩個心室（下腔室），總共有四個。心隔膜是將心臟分為左右兩半的壁，可防止含氧血和缺氧血混合。動脈在相對較高的壓力下將血液帶離心臟。靜脈則將血液送回心臟。位於右心房的竇房結（SA node）產生啟動每次心跳的電脈衝。心臟瓣膜開啟以允許血液向前流動，關閉以防止血液倒流，確保單向循環。強而有力的左心室將含氧血泵入主動脈，隨後主動脈將血液分配至全身。白血球是負責檢測並摧毀病原體的免疫細胞。Hypertension 意指血壓升高。Hypotension 則是低血壓。血漿是一種淡黃色液體，占血液體積的一半以上，負責運送細胞、營養物質、荷爾蒙和廢物。右心房和右心室負責肺循環，將脫氧血送往肺部。心包膜是一個雙層囊袋，包圍並保護心臟，同時使其能平滑地跳動。冠狀動脈從主動脈分支，向心肌傳遞富含氧氣的血液，使其能持續泵動。心肌梗塞發生在流向部分心肌的血液被阻斷（通常由血栓引起）並導致組織損傷時。許多靜脈（尤其是腿部靜脈）含有單向瓣膜，可防止血液因重力倒流，保持血液流向心臟。微血管形成廣大的網絡，其薄壁允許氣體、營養物質和廢物進行擴散。心輸出量是指心臟每分鐘泵出的血液量（心率 × 每搏輸出量）。靜止狀態下，通常約為每分鐘 5 公升。長期高血壓會損害動脈壁，是心臟病和中風的主要可改變風險因素。心房是兩個上方的接收腔室。心室則是下方的泵血腔室。上腔靜脈和下腔靜脈將來自全身的脫氧血輸送至右心房。成年人的心臟大約有一個握緊的拳頭那麼大，重量約為 250–350 克。二尖瓣（也稱為僧帽瓣）控制血液從左心房流向左心室。心動過速是指靜息心率超過每分鐘 100 次。心動過緩則是心率過慢。血紅蛋白是紅血球內含鐵的蛋白質，它在肺部結合氧氣並在組織中釋放。體循環將含氧血從心臟左側輸送到全身，並將缺氧血送回右側。肺循環則是肺部迴路。生活習慣，如規律運動、心臟健康飲食、維持健康體重、控制血壓和膽固醇，以及避免煙草，能顯著降低心血管疾病的風險。You scored 0 out of 40You scored 1 out of 40You scored 2 out of 40You scored 3 out of 40You scored 4 out of 40You scored 5 out of 40You scored 6 out of 40You scored 7 out of 40You scored 8 out of 40You scored 9 out of 40You scored 10 out of 40You scored 11 out of 40You scored 12 out of 40You scored 13 out of 40You scored 14 out of 40You scored 15 out of 40You scored 16 out of 40You scored 17 out of 40You scored 18 out of 40You scored 19 out of 40You scored 20 out of 40You scored 21 out of 40You scored 22 out of 40You scored 23 out of 40You scored 24 out of 40You scored 25 out of 40You scored 26 out of 40You scored 27 out of 40You scored 28 out of 40You scored 29 out of 40You scored 30 out of 40You scored 31 out of 40You scored 32 out of 40You scored 33 out of 40You scored 34 out of 40You scored 35 out of 40You scored 36 out of 40You scored 37 out of 40You scored 38 out of 40You scored 39 out of 40You scored 40 out of 40
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覺得您了解自己的心臟、血液和血管嗎？這份心血管系統測驗將透過有關血球、循環、血壓、心臟結構和常見疾病的簡單問題來考驗您的知識。本測驗旨在提供日常理解而非醫學院程度，內容涵蓋了維持身體運作的基礎知識。從哪些細胞負責攜帶氧氣，到如何測量血壓以及肺靜脈的功能，每個問題都環環相扣。請放慢速度，仔細閱讀，看看您是否能成為少數獲得滿分的人之一。準備好發掘您對這個將生命輸送到全身各處的系統究竟了解多少了嗎？讓我們開始吧！