儘管有傳言說公牛討厭紅色，但紅色並不是讓牠們「暴怒」的原因。公牛看不見人類所見的紅色，所以鬥篷的顏色並不是什麼大不了的事。但被困在競技場中，有人揮舞布料並刺牠們？這會讓任何動物都憤怒——無論那塊布是什麼顏色。貓看到的顏色比人類少，但牠們擅長捕捉動態。一個「漂亮」的玩具可能很無聊，直到它開始擺動，然後您的貓就會變成一隻毛茸茸的導彈。在貓的邏輯中，動作才是真正的特效——就像牠們的眼睛在說：「不錯的顏色…有動作嗎？」章魚通常是色盲，但牠們能像巫師一樣透過改變皮膚質地和亮度來偽裝。這意味著章魚可以「匹配」牠們甚至看不到的顏色——就像閉著眼睛贏得繪畫比賽一樣。如果這還不算「哇塞的科學」，我不知道什麼才算了。隱蔽等級：荒謬。長時間盯著一個明亮的顏色，當您移開視線時，可能會看到一個殘像。這是因為一些錐狀細胞疲勞了，您的大腦開始以奇怪的方式平衡信號。這就像您的眼睛留下了一張您剛看過的東西的微小「收據」。您的視網膜：「您喜歡綠色——這是一個額外的粉紅色幽靈。」您的大腦會自動進行「白平衡」，校正奇怪的光線，使物體看起來正常。在黃色的室內燈光下，一件白色襯衫仍然看起來是白色，因為您的大腦基本上是在即時編輯場景。如果您的大腦不做這件事，每個房間都會像一個奇怪的濾鏡。恭喜，您有一個內建的色彩校正工作室。您的周邊視力擅長偵測運動，但不擅長看清顏色細節。這就是為什麼您可以用眼角注意到「有東西動了！」，但顏色和形狀卻感覺模糊。您的側面視力基本上是您眼球的保安。「我看到了麻煩…別問我是什麼顏色。」在昏暗的光線下，紅色傾向於首先褪色，因為偵測較長波長的光錐細胞在低亮度時作用不大。這就是為什麼夜間場景會感覺藍灰，以及為什麼深紅色在黑暗中幾乎看起來像黑色。紅色基本上提早下班了。「抱歉，我不加班。」粉紅色不像綠色或黃色那樣是單一波長；它是你的大腦結合紅色和藍色的訊號。這意味著粉紅色部分是一種發明——你的大腦對光譜的創意混音。所以當你看到粉紅色時，你看到的是大腦製作的特殊效果。現實有 DLC。變色龍改變顏色是為了溝通和溫度控制，而不僅僅是偽裝。顏色可以傳達情緒、支配和「走開！」的訊息——就像一個活生生的告示牌。牠們基本上是用體色來發送簡訊。「已讀」訊息，但用的是皮膚。彩虹是完整的圓圈，但從地面你通常只看到一個弧形，因為地球擋住了其餘部分。從飛機或高處觀看，人們有時會看到完整的「彩虹環」。所以是的，彩虹可以是天空中的甜甜圈。看起來美味，但不可食用。包括金魚在內的一些魚類能看見紫外線。這意味著這個世界可能包含你完全看不到的圖案和對比。你的魚可能正在注意到紫外線反射，就像一個秘密的現實層次。同時你卻說：「酷碗。」螳螂蝦以其複雜的視覺系統和多種感受器而聞名。但擁有更多感測器並不總是意味著「看得更像人類」——它可能意味著更快地偵測特定訊號。儘管如此，牠們就像是配備了頂級視覺硬體。牠們不只是升級；牠們是超頻了。顏色可以影響味覺預期：人們通常會報告紅色飲料嚐起來更甜或更像「漿果味」，即使配方相同。你的大腦在你啜飲之前就利用視覺線索來猜測味道。所以有時你的舌頭只是認同了你的眼睛。真正的廚師是你的預期。偏振光就像陽光中隱藏的方向信號，有些動物可以偵測到它。這有助於導航和看清水中的眩光。想像一下同時戴著內建的消除眩光眼鏡和指南針。大自然喜歡作弊碼。人類：仍然瞇著眼。你的大腦會不斷填補缺失的資訊——例如當物體的一部分被其他東西擋住時。它會根據經驗猜測合理的內容，這通常很有幫助... 直到它被錯覺愚弄。視覺不只是看；它是聰明的猜測。有時太聰明了。你有兩種主要的感光細胞團隊：視錐細胞用於顏色和細節，視桿細胞用於弱光和運動。在黑暗中，視錐細胞會掙扎，視桿細胞會接管——所以顏色會褪色，對比度會佔主導地位。這就是為什麼夜晚感覺戲劇性和陰影重重。視桿細胞喜歡懸念。晚上看著明亮的手機螢幕會讓星星更難看到，因為你的瞳孔會收縮，眼睛會失去敏感度。然後你抬頭看，天空看起來比實際更空曠。星星沒有離開；你的眼睛只是被炫目了。星星：「放下手機，閨蜜。」你的大腦非常關心對比度，有時甚至比亮度更重要。深色背景上的一個小亮物體會引起注意，而亮背景上的一個大亮區域則會融為一體。這就是為什麼車燈在晚上會突出，以及為什麼雪會讓人感到炫目。對比度才是真正的戲劇女王。在水下，紅光會被快速吸收，所以紅色會隨著深度消失，一切都會偏向藍綠色。這就是為什麼深水下的照片看起來是藍色的，除非你添加人工光線。海洋真的會偷走你的暖色。紅色的小偷，藍色的收藏家。人類通常有三種類型的視錐細胞（三色視覺），但有些動物有四種或更多。更多的視錐細胞類型意味著額外的顏色辨別能力——就像擁有額外的顏色通道。想像一下看到你甚至無法命名的「額外顏色」。大自然又在默默地炫耀了。有些花朵在人類看來很普通，但對蜜蜂來說卻是超級有圖案的，因為有紫外線標記。這些圖案會像地圖上的箭頭一樣引導昆蟲前往花蜜。所以你的花園可能到處都是你看不懂的標誌。蜜蜂：「方向簡直是發光的。」視覺錯覺通常之所以有效，是因為你的大腦假設了某些光照規則——例如光線來自上方，或者陰影意味著深度。當圖像打破這些規則時，你的大腦會做出一個自信的錯誤猜測。它不是笨，它是高效。高效有時會絆倒。霓虹燈牌之所以醒目，是因為它們既明亮又高對比，而你的大腦喜歡任何需要注意的東西。夜間明亮的顏色感覺格外強烈，因為周圍環境更暗。這就像招牌在一個安靜的房間裡大喊：「哈囉！看我！」超黑材料幾乎不反射光線，所以它們看起來就像現實中的一個洞。你的大腦預期表面會反射一些光線，所以超黑材料會給人一種奇特的扁平感和深度感。這就像在看一個微小的虛空。物理學：「看哪，這是頂級黑暗。」霧使顏色褪色，因為光線在到達你之前就散射了。這就是為什麼遠處的物體看起來飽和度較低，更偏灰藍色。霧基本上是世界的「靜音顏色」按鈕。大氣層：「噓，低調點。」色覺差異通常與視錐細胞敏感度有關，而非「視力不佳」。兩個人看同一個東西，卻可能接收到完全不同的信號。這就像兩台電視有不同的顯示設定。兩者都「正確」……只是校準不同。不同的語言以不同的方式劃分顏色——有些語言只有較少的基本顏色詞彙，有些則將藍色分為多個類別。無論如何彩虹都存在，但人類賦予它的標籤不同。所以顏色既是物理現象，也是文化現象。同一片天空，不同的字典。中央凹（你視覺的中心）非常敏銳，因為它充滿了視錐細胞。邊緣比較模糊，這就是為什麼你不斷移動眼睛來「掃描」高清世界。你的視力就像一個聚光燈。中間高清，兩側「還好」。暗適應需要時間，因為你的視覺色素需要重新設定，你的視網膜需要提高靈敏度。這就是為什麼你在強光後不能立即在黑暗中看見東西。你的眼睛基本上正在重新啟動。請稍候…夜視功能正在加載。許多動物視網膜後面有一層反射層，可以增強低光視覺，使眼睛在照片中「發光」。這不是什麼詭異的魔法；這是一種光線回收的技巧。對於夜間視物很棒，在閃光燈照片中卻很詭異。夜視優勢，恐怖電影美學。兩隻眼睛給你深度感知，因為你的大腦會比較輕微不同的視野。閉上一隻眼睛，像接球這樣的任務會感覺更難，因為你失去了三維資訊。兩隻眼睛 = 內建3D電影院。沒有眼鏡，沒有票，只有眼球。有些昆蟲比人類感知運動更快，這意味著我們的動作對它們來說可能看起來更慢。你友善的揮手可能看起來像戲劇性的慢動作表演。不同的大腦以不同方式切割時間。對蒼蠅來說，你可能是一個非常緩慢的頭目戰。「白色」LED有不同的色溫——暖白色看起來舒適且偏黃，冷白色看起來偏藍且臨床。同一個詞，卻是完全不同的氛圍。燈光可以改變房間裡顏色的外觀。一個燈泡說「點心時間」，另一個說「牙醫」。日落看起來是紅色的，因為陽光穿過更多的大氣層，散射了藍色，讓紅色和橙色佔主導。這就像天空隨著太陽落下而逐漸更換濾鏡。每個日落都是一場物理秀。前排座位，免費入場。有些人對某些燈光的閃爍很敏感，即使其他人可能沒有注意到。對你來說穩定的東西，對其他人來說可能看起來像一個微小的頻閃。每個人的視力都不盡相同。同一個燈，不同的眼睛，不同的感覺。陰影不只是「光線較少」——它們可以根據周圍的光源擁有自己的顏色。戶外陰影因為天光而可能看起來是藍色的。所以陰影是偷偷帶有顏色的。即使是黑暗也有自己的調色板。亮黃色對人類來說超級顯眼，這就是為什麼它被用於警告和校車。你的眼睛將它視為色彩形式的吶喊。黃色不低語；它宣告。黃色：「哈囉，我很重要！」在黑暗中，你會失去顏色，因為視桿細胞不提供顏色資訊。你的大腦仍然試圖理解形狀，這會讓陰影感覺毛骨悚然或「像什麼東西」。這就是為什麼你的洗衣堆在凌晨兩點變成怪物。視桿細胞喜歡恐怖故事。你的大腦會根據預期來校正顏色，使用「記憶顏色」，如藍天和綠草。這有助於識別，但也可能使錯覺更強。你的大腦不只是看見——它還會預測。基本上，它是一台自信的猜測機器。許多動物更依賴對比而不是顏色，因為它在混亂的自然光線下效果更好。在野外，快速發現形狀比說出它的色調更重要。對比才是真正的MVP。「它在那裡嗎？」勝過「它是青色的嗎？」You scored 0 out of 40You scored 1 out of 40You scored 2 out of 40You scored 3 out of 40You scored 4 out of 40You scored 5 out of 40You scored 6 out of 40You scored 7 out of 40You scored 8 out of 40You scored 9 out of 40You scored 10 out of 40You scored 11 out of 40You scored 12 out of 40You scored 13 out of 40You scored 14 out of 40You scored 15 out of 40You scored 16 out of 40You scored 17 out of 40You scored 18 out of 40You scored 19 out of 40You scored 20 out of 40You scored 21 out of 40You scored 22 out of 40You scored 23 out of 40You scored 24 out of 40You scored 25 out of 40You scored 26 out of 40You scored 27 out of 40You scored 28 out of 40You scored 29 out of 40You scored 30 out of 40You scored 31 out of 40You scored 32 out of 40You scored 33 out of 40You scored 34 out of 40You scored 35 out of 40You scored 36 out of 40You scored 37 out of 40You scored 38 out of 40You scored 39 out of 40You scored 40 out of 40
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